View source for The Laboratories of Our Lives: Labs, Labs Everywhere!/Labs by industry: Part 1/Clinical, public and private

===3.5 Clinical, public and private===
[[File:Pathology Lab.png|left|400px]]
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To talk of clinical laboratories (serving the patient) and public health laboratories (serving the population) requires a broad look at those labs that serve in the direct analysis, treatment, and prevention of illness. From large third-party [[Reference laboratory|reference laboratories]] like Quest Diagnostics that handle laboratory analysis of patient samples for doctors to the tiny [[physician office laboratory]] (POL) performing [[Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments|CLIA-waived]] tests, from the local [[hospital]] lab to a state's [[public health laboratory]], from the mobile diabetes testing unit to the national disease prevention lab, it's difficult not to bump into a clinical or public health lab of some sort. These labs are found in the private, government, and academic sectors and provide many different services, including (but not limited to): 

''Clinical''

*diagnostic analysis of patient samples<ref name="DouglasTypes14">{{cite web |url=https://www.limsforum.com/lessons/02-types-of-clinical-labs/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526212033/https://www.limsforum.com/lessons/02-types-of-clinical-labs/ |title=02. Types of Clinical Labs |work=Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Informatics – LII 006 |author=Douglas, S. |publisher=Laboratory Informatics Institute, Inc |date=05 July 2014 |archivedate=26 May 2017 |accessdate=28 June 2022}}</ref>
*identification of infectious agents<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
*assurance of the quality of blood for transfusions<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
*analysis, management, and storage of reproductive tissues and fluids<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
*provision of basic point-of-care testing<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />
*screening or testing of employees for drugs of abuse<ref name="DouglasTypes14" />

''Public health''

*prevention, control, and surveillance of diseases<ref name="MMWR2">{{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5114a1.htm |title=Core Functions and Capabilities of State Public Health Laboratories |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |author=Witt-Kushner, J.; Astles, J.R.; Ridderhof, J.C. et al. |volume=51 |issue=RR14 |pages=1–8 |date=20 September 2002 |accessdate=28 June 2022}}</ref>
*collection, monitoring, and analysis of laboratory data submitted to national databases<ref name="MMWR2" />
*analysis and specialized testing of patient samples<ref name="MMWR2" />
*detection and analysis of toxic contaminants in environmental and food samples<ref name="MMWR2" />
*development and promotion of laboratory improvement programs as well as state and federal policy<ref name="MMWR2" />

''But how do clinical and public health laboratories intersect the average person's life on a daily basis?'' 

As the debate about whether healthcare access should be universal<ref name="EvansUniversal13">{{cite journal |title=Universal health coverage and universal access |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |author=Evans, D.B.; Hsu, J.; Boerma, T. |volume=91 |pages=546–546A |year=2013 |doi=10.2471/BLT.13.125450}}</ref> or is a human right<ref name="PBSIsHealth13">{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/classroom/2013/09/debating-health-care-right-america/ |title=Is Healthcare A Right? |work=PBS Newshour Extra: Student Voices |publisher=NewsHour Productions LLC |date=30 September 2013 |accessdate=28 June 2022}}</ref> wages on, many people still receive medical care but some do not. While it's bad for the "have nots," can you imagine a different world, one where it's not a fight for the have nots but a fight for most everyone to survive? Try, if you will, to imagine a universe where laboratory medicine never existed. Without laboratorians diagnosing and researching, today's healthy population would be significantly smaller. Clinical and public laboratories have brought us advances in antibiotics, which without many more people would die from surgical site infections post-surgery.<ref name="DallWHO16">{{cite web |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2016/11/who-guidance-says-no-routine-post-surgery-antibiotics |title=WHO guidance says no routine post-surgery antibiotics |author=Dall, C. |work=CIDRAP |publisher=Regents of the University of Minnesota |date=03 November 2016 |accessdate=28 June 2022}}</ref> These laboratories have helped bring medical diagnostics to more people more conveniently and efficiently, and they are at the forefront of most people's health care.<ref name="ShirtsClinical15">{{cite journal |title=Clinical laboratory analytics: Challenges and promise for an emerging discipline |journal=Journal of Pathology Informatics |author=Shirts, B.H.; Jackson, B.R.; Baird, G.S. et al. |volume=6 |pages=9 |year=2015 |doi=10.4103/2153-3539.151919 |pmid=25774320 |pmc=PMC4355825}}</ref>

====3.5.1 Client types====

'''Private''' - Private clinical (or sometimes referred to as reference) labs usually appear in either stand-alone facilities that outpatients go to or in a medical facility such as a physicians group, hospital, or some other form of care facility. Occasionally, you may find private clinical labs in manufacturing facilities to handle mandated drug testing or even in a mobile environment. 

Examples include:

*[https://accureference.com/ Accu Reference Medical Labs]
*[https://www.crlcorp.com/ Clinical Reference Laboratory, Inc.]
*[https://www.questdiagnostics.com/ Quest Diagnostics]

'''Government''' - You'll find public health labs almost exclusively on the government side, managing disease outbreaks, monitoring public health, and acting as a third-party analysis option for clinical labs struggling to identify or characterize a sample.

Examples include:

*[https://www.cdc.gov/labstandards/nsqap.html CDC Newborn Screening and Molecular Biology Branch]
*[https://health.mo.gov/lab/ Missouri State Public Health Laboratory]
*[https://www.vidrl.org.au/ Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Australia]

'''Academic''' - The laboratories found in the academic sphere are often multi-purpose, serving as teaching facilities for students while at the same time providing vital in-house testing to the academic facility's affiliated medical center. However, some may be stand-alone teaching labs designed to provide hands-on education in a lab outside a medical facility.

Examples include: 

*[http://wwwold.ctust.edu.tw/english2006/05department/a101.aspx?DepID=1 Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767850/ Emory University Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine]
*[https://hr.virginia.edu/careers-uva/uva-temps/job-openings/allied-health-uva University of Virginia Health System]

====3.5.2 Functions====

''What are the most common functions?'' analytical, QA/QC, research/design, and teaching

''What materials, technologies, and/or aspects are being analyzed, researched, and quality controlled?'' biological specimens, cadavers, whole organs

''What sciences are being applied in these labs?'' clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, cytopathology, epidemiology, genetics, hematology, histopathology, immunohematology, immunology, molecular biology, oncology, parasitology, pathophysiology, reproductive biology, surgical pathology, toxicology, virology

''What are some examples of test types and equipment?'' 

'''Common test types include''': 

Absorption, Alcohol level, Allergy, Amino acid analysis, Antimicrobial, Antigen, Bioaccumulation, Blood culture, Blood gases, Biocompatibility, Biomolecular, Biophysical profile, Blood typing, Calorimetry, Clinical diagnostic, Chronic toxicity, Colorimetric, Complete blood count, Compliance/Conformance, Composition, Cytopathology, Detection, Dietary exposure, Efficiency, Electrolyte and mineral panel, Electrophoresis, Endurance, Genetic, Genotype, Hematotoxicity, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Identification, Immunoassay, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, Kidney function, Infectious disease, Lipid profile, Liver function, Medical toxicology, Metabolic, Mold - fungal - mycotoxin, Neurotoxicity, Nutritional, Osmolality, Osmolarity, Pathogen, pH, Proficiency, Radiochemical, Red blood cell count, Refractive index, Sensitization, Solubility, Specific gravity, Sports performance, Stress, Subchronic toxicity, Temperature, Thermal, Thyroid function, Urine culture, Validation, Verification

'''Industry-related lab equipment may include''': 

autoclave, balance, biohazard container, biosafety cabinet, centrifuge, chromatographic, clinical chemistry analyzer, colorimeter, desiccator, dissolved oxygen meter, dry bath, fume hood, homogenizer, hotplate, incubator, magnetic stirrer, microcentrifuge tube, microplate reader, microscope, multi-well plate, orbital shaker, PCR machine, personal protective equipment, pH meter, Petri dish, pipettor, powered air purifying respirators, refractometer, spectrophotometer, syringes, test tube and rack, thermometer, urinalysis device, water bath 

''What else, if anything, is unique about the labs in the clinical and public health industry?'' 

At least in the United States, clinical labs are some of the most prevalent labs in the country; as of June 2022 there was approximately one CLIA-regulated clinical laboratory for every 1,049 people.<ref name="CMS17LabTypes">{{cite web |url=https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CLIA/downloads/factype.pdf |format=PDF |title=Laboratories by type of facility |author=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Division of Laboratory Services |date=June 2022 |accessdate=28 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="USCBPopClock">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/ |title=U.S. and World Population Clock |work=United States Census Bureau |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |accessdate=28 June 2022 |quote=Used population value from June 1, 2022}}</ref> While many of the diagnostic techniques and laboratory instruments specific to clinical diagnostic laboratories can also be found in the clinical research setting, clinical research labs tend to be a somewhat different beast. As such, we cover those labs separately, in the next chapter. 

====3.5.3 Informatics in the clinical industry====
From nursing to clinical care, from dentistry to occupational therapy, [[health informatics]] (or clinical informatics) is helping clinicians manage data and knowledge. In turn, clinicians collaborate with other health care and information technology professionals to develop health informatics tools that promote patient care that is safe, efficient, effective, timely, patient-centered, and equitable. Health informaticians use their knowledge of patient care combined with their understanding of informatics concepts, methods, and health informatics tools to<ref name="AMIACore">{{cite journal |title=Core content for the subspecialty of clinical informatics |journal=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association |author=Gardner, R.M.; Overhage J.M.; Steen, E.B. et al. |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=153–7 |year=2009 |doi=10.1197/jamia.M3045 |pmid=19074296 |pmc=2649328}}</ref>:

*assess the information and knowledge needs of health care professionals and patients;
*characterize, evaluate, and refine clinical processes;
*develop, implement, and refine [[clinical decision support system]]s; and
*lead or participate in the procurement, customization, development, implementation, management, evaluation, and continuous improvement of clinical information systems.

Finally, with the unfortunate emergence and lingering of the [[COVID-19]] [[pandemic]], the necessity for quality health informatics solutions inside and outside the laboratory setting has been highlighted further. This importance has become more evident with the need for more timely and accurate public health data, better tracking of COVID patient statuses, and better mining of data in order to better understand the impact of the virus.<ref name="ZalonHealth">{{cite web |url=https://elearning.scranton.edu/resources/article/health-informatics-covid/ |title=Health Informatics in the Time of COVID-19 |author=Zalon, M.L. |publisher=University of Scranton |date=n.d. |accessdate=06 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakken |first=Suzanne |date=2020-06-01 |title=Informatics is a critical strategy in combating the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article/27/6/843/5851687 |journal=Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association |language=en |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=843–844 |doi=10.1093/jamia/ocaa101 |issn=1527-974X |pmc=PMC7313991 |pmid=32501484}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganjali |first=Raheleh |last2=Eslami |first2=Saeid |last3=Samimi |first3=Tahereh |last4=Sargolzaei |first4=Mahdi |last5=Firouraghi |first5=Neda |last6=MohammadEbrahimi |first6=Shahab |last7=khoshrounejad |first7=Farnaz |last8=Kheirdoust |first8=Azam |date=2022 |title=Clinical informatics solutions in COVID-19 pandemic: Scoping literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352914822000776 |journal=Informatics in Medicine Unlocked |language=en |volume=30 |pages=100929 |doi=10.1016/j.imu.2022.100929 |pmc=PMC8949656 |pmid=35350124}}</ref>

====3.5.4 LIMSwiki resources and further reading====
'''LIMSwiki resources - Clinical'''

*[[Anatomical pathology]]
*[[Clinical chemistry]]
*[[Clinical laboratory]]
*[[Clinical chemistry]]
*[[Clinical pathology]]
*[[Cytopathology]]
*[[:Category:Health care LIMS|Health care LIMS]]
*[[Health informatics]]
*[[Hematology]]
*[[Histopathology]]
*[[Imaging informatics]]
*[[Immunoinformatics]]
*[[Molecular informatics]]
*[[Physician office laboratory]]

'''LIMSwiki resources - Public health'''

*[[E-epidemiology]]
*[[Infectious disease informatics]]
*[[:Category:Public health and service LIMS|Public health and service LIMS]]
*[[Public health informatics]]
*[[Public health laboratory]]

'''Further reading'''

* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppBZxAEACAAJ&printsec=frontcover |title=Clinician's Guide to Laboratory Medicine |author=Desai, S. |publisher=MD2B |edition=4th |year=2019 |pages=453 |isbn=9781937978105}}